Cross-Generational Ripples: Sublethal Fipronil Exposure Alters Binodoxys communis Microbiome Without Lethal Consequences

Fipronil, a broad-spectrum phenylpyrazole insecticide, demonstrates high efficacy against Aphis gossypii (cotton aphid). However, its potential effects on Binodoxys communis, a key natural enemy of A. gossypii, remain largely unexplored. This study comprehensively assessed the safety of fipronil for B. communis, with particular emphasis on sublethal effects and associated microbiome alterations.