Comparative Analysis of the Hindgut Microbopta of Protaetia brevitarsis Larvae Grown at Different Farms

Protaetia brevitarsis larvae are farm-raised for food, used in traditional East Asian medicine, and convert organic waste into biofertilizers. Here, the gut microbiota of third-instar larvae obtained from five different farms was investigated using 16S rRNA microbiota profiling. Species richness, evenness, and diversity results using alpha-diversity analysis were similar between farms, except for between the TO and KO farms. beta-diversity was significantly different in distribution and relative abundance between farms. At the phylum level, Bacillota, Bacteroidota, Actinomycetota, and Pseudomonadota were the most dominant, accounting for 88-73% of the hindgut microbial community. At the genus level, Tuberibacillus, Proteiniphilum, Desulfovibrio, Lusohenia, and Thermoactinomyces were the most abundant. Although oak sawdust was the main feed component, there were large variations in distribution and relative abundance across farms at the phylum and genus levels. Venn diagram and linear discriminant anlysis effect size analyses revealed large variations in the hindgut microbial communities of P. brevitarsis larvae between farms. These results suggest environmental factors were more important than feed ingredients or genetic predisposition for establishment of the intestinal microbiota of P. brevitarsis larvae. These findings serve as reference data to understand the intestinal microbiota of P. bretivarsis larvae.