Associations between independent (family-related factors) and dependent variable (children’s BMI-z-score), action and conceptual theory test, and mediation effects of children’s breakfast behaviour (times per week) on the association between independent and dependent variable.

(n = 6374 child-parent dyads).
*p<0.05,
**p<0.01,
***p<0.001.
c- coefficient: estimate of the association between family environmental item and BMI-z-score.
c’-coefficient: estimate of the association between family environmental item and BMI-z-score, adjusted for children’s breakfast consumption (mediator).
a -coefficient: estimate of the association between family environmental item and children’s breakfast consumption (mediator).
b -coefficient: estimate of the association between children’s breakfast consumption (mediator) and children’s BMI-z-score, adjusted for family environmental item.
ab product-of-coefficient estimate; mediated effect.
95% CI of ab 95% confidence interval of the mediated effect.
Three-level regression models were conducted: children nested within schools nested within countries, all regression models were adjusted for children’s gender and parent’s age, education and parent’s BMI.