NSAIDs use and kidney outcomes in Heart Failure

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs; e.g., ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac) are compounds commonly used for the treatment of chronic pain (of diverse causes), fever, or infections.
Most NSAIDs do not require medical prescription and can be bought in most drug stores. However, chronic NSAID use may cause kidney failure (ie, impair the capacity of the kidneys to function normally) which can lead to hospitalization and death.
Studying the relationship between NSAID use and kidney outcomes is particularly important in people living with heart failure (HF), a condition in which the heart does not pump the blood normally, because kidney impairment may retain fluids in the body which can aggravate heart function further.
Sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are agents that increase the urinary excretion of sodium ("salt") and glucose ("sugar"), and improve kidney function in HF. Whether the effect of SGLT2 inhibitors is impacted by the use of NSAIDs is also an important research question.
I will look at three main things using trial data: 1) how patients who use NSAIDs differ from those who don’t; 2) how using NSAIDs affects hospital visits for heart failure, heart-related deaths, kidney problems, and overall death rates; 3) whether taking NSAIDs changes how well empagliflozin works compared to a placebo (in active substance) for heart and kidney health.