Supplementary file 1_Ameliorative effects of mulberry fruit anthocyanin extract on gut microbiota and liver metabolites in high-fat and high-cholesterol diet-fed ApoE−/− mice.docx

AimThis study aims to investigate the effects of mulberry anthocyanin (MA) in high-fat and high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet-fed ApoE−/− mice.
MethodsApoE−/− mice were randomly divided into control (ACON), mulberry fruit anthocyanin extract (MFAE), cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) group 1 (C3GT), and C3G group 2 (C3GP). After 7 weeks of HFHC diet feeding and following 2–3 weeks of treatment, samples were collected and analyzed.
ResultsThe C3GT group significantly decreased low-density lipoprotein (7.3 ± 1.5 mmol/L) and interleukin-1β (355.4 ± 41.7 pg./mL) levels. Moreover, the MFAE (636.3 ± 90.7 pg./mL), C3GT (611.5 ± 65.4 pg./mL), and C3GP (757.5 ± 47.6 pg./mL) significantly increased glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) levels compared with those in the ACON group. The MA treatments significantly increased the number of Anaerotruncus, Tyzzerella, and Butyricicoccus, while decreasing the abundance of Sphingomonas, Odoribacter, and Rikenella. The MA intervention not only decreased the adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP) and indole-3-butyric acid but also upregulated the Pg36:3 and glutamine.
ConclusionMA treatment may attenuate AS-associated risk factors by decreasing inflammatory factor-related gut microbial genera. The mechanism may be related to regulating liver glutamine, ATP, and related metabolic pathways.