Limited evidence for genetic differentiation or adaptation in two amphibian species across replicated rural-urban gradients

Urbanization leads to complex environmental changes and poses multiple challenges to organisms. Amphibians are highly susceptible to the effects of urbanization, with land use conversion, habitat destruction, and degradation ranked as the most significant threats. Consequently, amphibians are declining in urban areas, in both population numbers and abundance, however, the effect of urbanization on population genetic parameters remains unclear. Here, we studied the genomic response to urbanization in two widespread European species, the common toad Bufo bufo (26 localities, 480 individuals), and the smooth newt Lissotriton vulgaris (30 localities, 516 individuals) in three geographic regions: southern and northern Poland and southern Norway. We assessed genome-wide SNP variation using RADseq (ca. 42 and 552 thousand SNPs in B. bufo and L. vulgaris, respectively) and adaptively relevant major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II genes. The results linked most of the genetic dif..., , , # Limited evidence for genetic differentiation or adaptation in two amphibian species across replicated rural-urban gradients

[https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.9ghx3ffr2](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.9ghx3ffr2)

RADseq SNP data, MHC genotypes, as well as sample and locality information for all samples and data used in the study

## Description of the data and file structure

### Information about samples and localities

*samples.txt*

* species: species
* sample: RADseq sample
* individual_id: individual code
* pop: population acronym
* cov: coverage from gstacks
* n_missing: number of genotypes missing following the final filtering as described in the paper
* fr_missing: fraction of genotypes missing following the final filtering as described in the paper

*localities.txt*

* species: species
* locality: locality acronym
* latitude: latitude
* longitude: longitude
* region: geographic region
* urbanization score: scoring as described in the paper

Full locality...