Meta-analytic estimates of the slopes (fitted using MCMCglmm) of factors that best describe how generation time affects normalized-mean and CV of antipredator traits using 4 random effects: “species,” “phylogeny,” “studies,” and “trait type”.

Inverse and Weibull models are presented for all contexts together and also analyzed separately: domestication, captivity, and urbanization. Inverse models are presented for all contexts together and also analyzed separately: domestication, captivity, and urbanization. Parameters for the model were obtained using the covariance matrix adapting evolutionary strategy (cma-es package) [67]. Estimates with 95% CIs not spanning zero are considered statistically significant (significance codes: p-value = 0.004). CI, credible interval; cma-es, covariance matrix adapting evolutionary strategy; CV, coefficient of variation; MCMCglmm, Markov chain Monte Carlo generalized linear mixed model. (XLSX)