Ten rules to increase the societal value of earth observations

Earth Observation (EO) data play an important role in our society today, but there is still tremendous opportunity to improve howthese data are used to affect change. In this paper, we provide guidance to help data providers and intermediaries within the EOvalue chain (from data to applications) increase the societal value of the EO data, information, and data products that they workwith. We first describe the EO value chain as a conceptual framework for how data are translated and applied for societal benefit.We then introduce three approaches that are often used to assess and improve the EO value chain. Finally, we present “10 rules”that can be implemented to increase the societal benefits of Earth science information. The 10 rules emphasize meeting userneeds, problem-solving within interdisciplinary teams, and long-term sustainable solutions. Some rules focus on a specificsegment of the value chain or phase in the problem-solving process, while others are relevant to the value chain or process asa whole. Each rule includes at least one case study example to illustrate the key points. The rules are loosely organized accordingto project management principles with the initial rules focusing on defining problems, planning for data use, creating effectiveteams, and examining a diverse selection of solutions. The next set of rules are best applied throughout a project, and include suchconcepts as evaluation, interoperability, trust, adoption, and documentation. Finally, the last rule addresses the challenge ofdetermining when to close a project.