Estimates for the mean number of migrants exchanged per generation M (2Nem) and the mean population mutation rate �� (2Ne��) obtained using the program Migrate [75].

Ne is the effective population size, m is the migration rate and �� is the average mutation rate. Estimates are listed with 95% confidence intervals following in parentheses. The migration model was constrained as follows: the Central Asian population was allowed to exchange migrants with the European population only while all non-Central Asian populations were allowed to exchange migrants without restriction.