Evolutionary process of extremely twisted heteromorph ammonites from the Upper Cretaceous in Japan

The heteromorph ammonite Pravitoceras sigmoidale with extremely twisted retroversal hook and its probable ancestors, Didymoceras awajiense and D. morozumii, occur mainly in the Upper Cretaceous Izumi and Sotoizumi groups in southwest Japan. Their morphological characteristics were investigated in this study. Morphotypes I–II were recognized in D. morozumii. Morphotypes III–V were recognized in D. awajiense. Morphotypes VI–VIII were recognized in P. sigmoidale. Moreover, all morphotypes were recognized in both the dextral and sinistral forms of these three species. Based on the morphological and stratigraphic relationships, it is considered that the evolutionary process of these species is divided into three steps: (1) shift from morphotypes I–II to III; (2) increase in variation from morphotypes III to III–V; and (3) shift from morphotypes III–V to VI–VIII. By comparing these morphotypes based on the ‘growing tube model’ belonging to the moving frame analysis, it is seen that there are ..., , Data 1 (Material information): Data_S1_Material_information.csvData 2 (Parameter values of the growing tube model for each morphotype): Data_2_Parameter_values_of_the_growing_tube_model_for_each_morphotype.csv,