Replication Data for: Explaining Ethnoreligious Minority Targeting: Variation in U.S. Anti-Semitic Incidents

Over the last two decades alone, the United States has suffered well over ten thousand religion-motivated hate crimes. While racism and religion-motivated prejudice have received considerable attention following the “Unite the Right” rally in Charlottesville that resulted in deadly violence, there is little systematic scholarship evaluating where and when incidents targeting ethnoreligious minorities by non-state actors are likely to occur. Utilizing the FBI’s reported anti-Semitic hate crime data from 2001-2014, my main theoretical and empirical exercise is to determine which factors best explain where and when American ethnoreligious groups are likely to be targeted. I propose there are four essential mechanisms necessary to explain variation in minority targeting: “opportunity” (target group concentration), “distinguishability” (target group visibility), “stimuli” (events increasing target group salience), and “organization” (hate group quantity). My models show that variables falling within each of these theoretical concepts significantly explain variation in anti-Semitic incidents in the United States. Of particular importance for scholars and practitioners alike, Israeli military operations and the number of active hate groups within a state play a major role in explaining anti-Semitic incident variation.仅在过去二十年中，美国便已发生逾万起受宗教动机驱动的仇恨犯罪。尽管在酿成致命暴力的夏洛茨维尔"团结右翼"（Unite the Right）集会之后，种族主义与受宗教动机驱动的偏见议题已获得广泛关注，但目前鲜有系统性学术研究对非国家行为体针对族裔宗教（ethnoreligious）少数群体的袭击事件的可能发生时间与地点展开评估。本研究采用联邦调查局（FBI）2001年至2014年公布的反犹太主义（anti-Semitic）仇恨犯罪数据，核心理论与实证分析旨在探明哪些因素能够最有效地解释美国族裔宗教（ethnoreligious）群体遭遇袭击的时间与地点分布规律。本研究提出，解释少数群体遭遇袭击的差异需依托四项核心机制：其一为「机会（opportunity，目标群体集中度）」，其二为「辨识度（distinguishability，目标群体可见性）」，其三为「刺激因素（stimuli，提升目标群体关注度的事件）」，其四为「组织基础（organization，仇恨团体数量）」。本研究的模型结果显示，归入上述四类理论范畴的变量均能显著解释美国反犹太主义仇恨犯罪的分布差异。尤为值得学界与实务界共同关注的是，以色列军事行动以及各州活跃仇恨团体的数量，是解释反犹太主义仇恨犯罪分布差异的关键因素。