Summary of some effect size distributions that have been proposed for polygenic modeling.

The reference list contains only a selection of relevant publications. Abbreviations: DE denotes double exponential distribution, NEG denotes normal exponential gamma distribution, and other abbreviations can be found in the main text. In the scaled t-distribution, and are the degree of freedom parameter and scale parameter, respectively. In the DE distribution, is the scale parameter. In the NEG distribution, and are the shape and scale parameters, respectively. Notes: 1. Some applications of these methods combine a particular effect size distribution with a random effects term, with covariance matrix , to capture sample structure or relatedness. If then this is equivalent to adding a normal distribution to the effect size distribution. The listed effect size distributions in this table do not include this additional normal component. 2. BayesC has been used to refer to models with different effect size distributions in different papers. 3. In some papers, keywords listed here have been used to refer to fitting techniques rather than effect size distributions.