Table_1_Milk Consumption Across Life Periods in Relation to Lower Risk of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Multicentre Case-Control Study.DOCX

Background: The much higher incidence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in men suggests sex hormones as a risk factor, and dairy products contain measurable amounts of steroid hormones. Milk consumption has greatly increased in endemic regions of NPC. We investigated the association between NPC and milk consumption across life periods in Hong Kong.Methods: A multicentre case-control study included 815 histologically confirmed NPC incident cases and 1,502 controls who were frequency-matched on age and sex at five major hospitals in Hong Kong in 2014–2017. Odds ratios (ORs) of NPC (cases vs. controls) for milk consumption at different life periods were estimated by unconditional logistic regression, adjusting for sex, age, socioeconomic status score, smoking and alcohol drinking status, exposure to occupational hazards, family history of cancer, IgA against Epstein-Barr virus viral capsid antigen, and total energy intake.Results: Compared with abstainers, lower risks of NPC were consistently observed in regular users (consuming ≥5 glasses of milk [fresh and powdered combined] per month) across four life periods of age 6–12 (adjusted OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.54–0.86), 13–18 (0.68, 0.55–0.84), 19–30 (0.68, 0.55–0.84), and 10 years before recruitment (0.72, 0.59–0.87). Long-term average milk consumption of ≤2.5, >2.5, and ≤12.5, >12.5 glasses per month yielded adjusted OR (95% CI) of 1.00 (0.80–1.26), 0.98 (0.81–1.18), 0.95 (0.76–1.18), and 0.55 (0.43–0.70), respectively (all P-values for trend < 0.05).Conclusion: Consumption of milk across life periods was associated with lower risks of NPC. If confirmed to be causal, this has important implications for dairy product consumption and prevention of NPC.

背景：鼻咽癌（NPC）在男性中的高发病率提示性激素可能为一种风险因素，而乳制品中含有的类固醇激素亦可达可测量的水平。乳制品的摄入在鼻咽癌的高发地区显著增加。本研究旨在探讨香港地区NPC与人生各阶段乳制品摄入量之间的关联。方法：一项多中心病例对照研究纳入了2014至2017年间于香港五家主要医院确诊的815例NPC病例及1,502名对照者，对照者在年龄和性别上与病例进行频数匹配。通过无条件的逻辑回归分析，估算不同生命阶段NPC（病例与对照）的比值比（ORs），并在计算时对性别、年龄、社会经济地位评分、吸烟和饮酒状况、职业危害暴露、家族癌症史、针对爱泼斯坦-巴病毒衣壳抗原的IgA抗体以及总能量摄入进行调整。结果：与禁饮者相比，在6至12岁（调整OR 0.74，95% CI 0.54–0.86）、13至18岁（0.68，0.55–0.84）、19至30岁（0.68，0.55–0.84）以及招募前10年（0.72，0.59–0.87）的四个生命阶段中，规律饮用牛奶（每月至少摄入5杯[新鲜和奶粉合计]）的参与者均表现出NPC风险显著降低。长期平均每月牛奶摄入量≤2.5、>2.5、≤12.5和>12.5杯的结果分别为调整OR（95% CI）1.00（0.80–1.26）、0.98（0.81–1.18）、0.95（0.76–1.18）和0.55（0.43–0.70），所有趋势的P值均小于0.05。结论：人生各阶段的牛奶摄入与NPC风险的降低相关。若证实为因果关系，这对于乳制品的消费以及NPC的预防具有重要意义。