SDT UG TG

The ultimatum (UG) and trust (TG) games are implemented alongside the SDT in a group of laboratory and field subjects in order to determine if preferences for giving and social discounting are associated with a set of social subject types. The research investigates associations between altruism, as measured by giving and social discounting, with social subject types uniquely identified in the study based on the strategy method responses of subjects in the UG and TG. The Social Discounting Task (SDT) is used to measure altruism amongst the subject pool. Three measures of altruism are estimated – one measure is at task level (giving) and two measures are at aggregate level. “Giving” is the monetary crossover value estimated as the mean point at which a subject switched from choosing option A (selfish option) to option B (sharing option) for each social distance – and is captured as such in the task-level data set. For instance, if a subject chose the selfish option at R180 and switched to the sharing option at R160, the crossover value was calculated to be R170. For subjects who exclusively chose the selfish option throughout, the crossover value is given as R0, and for subjects who exclusively chose the sharing option, the crossover value is assumed to be R90. An AUC index and k-value are constructed for each subject by making use of the Excel software of Reed, Kaplan and Brewer (2012). AUC varies from 1.0 (no discounting) to 0.0 (complete discounting) (Locey et al., 2011). The two measures of social discounting, i.e. Area under the curve (AUC) and k' are captured in the subject-level data set. The responses of subjects in the UG and TG are used to identify a number of social subject-types in each of the two groups. A comparative analysis of the outcomes for giving and social discounting across these different social subject-types, namely (1) fair; (2) greedy; (3) trustful; (4) egalitarian; (5) reciprocal; and (6) trustworthy is conducted. In short, the paper hypothesizes that individuals who are fair, trusting, egalitarian and reciprocal altruists will behave more altruistically than selfish/greedy individuals, and that levels of altruism will decline as social distance increases. The data also includes the demographic characteristics i.e. age, race; gender; financial situation; and language of the subject pool for the two experimental groups, i.e. Group 1 – UG recipients and TG senders; and Group 2 – UG senders and TG recipients.

本研究在实验室和现场实验参与者中实施终极博弈（UG）和信任博弈（TG），与社会折扣任务（SDT）相结合，旨在探究给予偏好和社会折扣行为是否与社会主体类型存在关联。研究通过分析终极博弈和信任博弈中，受试者所采用的策略方法，识别出研究中所定义的独特社会主体类型，以测量其利他主义，该利他主义可通过给予和社会折扣来衡量。社会折扣任务（SDT）用于评估受试者群体中的利他主义水平。研究估计了三种利他主义指标——一项在任务层面（给予），两项在汇总层面。所谓“给予”，是指受试者在每个社会距离点从选择A选项（自私选项）转向选择B选项（分享选项）的货币转换值，并在任务层面的数据集中进行记录。例如，如果受试者在R180时选择自私选项，并在R160时转向分享选项，则交叉点值计算为R170。对于始终选择自私选项的受试者，其交叉点值记为R0；而对于始终选择分享选项的受试者，其交叉点值假定约为R90。通过利用Reed、Kaplan和Brewer（2012）的Excel软件，为每位受试者构建AUC指数和k值。AUC指数的取值范围从1.0（无折扣）到0.0（完全折扣）（Locey等，2011）。两种社会折扣指标，即曲线下面积（AUC）和k'，均在受试者层面的数据集中进行记录。通过分析终极博弈和信任博弈中受试者的反应，识别出两组中的多种社会主体类型。对这些不同社会主体类型在给予和社会折扣方面的结果进行对比分析，包括：（1）公平型；（2）贪婪型；（3）信任型；（4）平等型；（5）互惠型；（6）可信赖型。简而言之，本研究假设公平、信任、平等和互惠的利他主义者将比自私/贪婪个体表现出更高的利他主义行为，并且随着社会距离的增加，利他主义水平将呈下降趋势。数据还包括两个实验组（即第一组——UG接收者和TG发送者；第二组——UG发送者和TG接收者）的受试者群体的人口统计学特征，如年龄、种族；性别；财务状况；以及语言。