FSH signaling pathway

The Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) is an anterior pituitary gonadotropin belonging to the family of glycoprotein hormones that includes thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Leutinizing Hormone (LH) and Chorionic Gonadotropin. FSH controls the growth and maturation of follicles in the females and spermatogenesis in males. FSH is a heterodimer and shares a common alpha sub-unit with the other glycoprotein hormones in its family and has a specific beta subunit that confers receptor specificity and biological activity to the hormone. FSH acts through the FSH receptor (FSHR), a G protein coupled receptor that is expressed exclusively on the granulosa cells of ovaries and Sertoli cells of the testis in humans. FSH signaling involves activation of adenylyl cyclase activity and the increased production of cAMP. This activates the cAMP dependent protein kinases such as PKA, PKB and PKC that, in turn, lead to the phosphorylation of specific transcription factors such as cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and Forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1). In addition to activation of PI3K/Akt module, PKA also induces p38 mapk which, in turn, controls other kinase cascades. Activated Akt also induces the mTOR axis that stimulates mRNA translation by phosphorylating p70 S6 kinase and, consequently, the 40 S ribosomal protein S6 that results in the activation of eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4E. It also indirectly aids in the activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERKs). FSH induces important genes required for steroidogenesis as well as growth and maturation of germ cells. The important target genes include aromatase (CYP19A1), the lutenizing hormone receptor (LHR) and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Please access this pathway at [http://www.netpath.org/netslim/fsh_pathway.html NetSlim] database. If you use this pathway, please cite the following paper: Telikicherla, D., Ambekar, A., Palapetta, S. M., Dwivedi, S. B., Raju, R., Sharma, J., Prasad, T. S. K., Ramachandra, Y. L., Mohan, S. S., Maharudraiah, J., Mukherjee, S. and Pandey, A. (2011). A comprehensive curated resource for Follicle Stimulating Hormone signaling. BMC Research Notes. 4, 408.

促卵泡激素（FSH）是一种属于糖蛋白激素家族的前垂体促性腺激素，该家族包括促甲状腺激素（TSH）、促黄体生成素（LH）和绒毛膜促性腺激素。FSH调控女性卵泡的生长与成熟以及男性的精子发生。FSH为异二聚体，与家族中其他糖蛋白激素共享一个共同的α亚基，并具有一个特定的β亚基，该亚基赋予激素受体的特异性和生物学活性。FSH通过FSH受体（FSHR）发挥作用，FSHR是一种G蛋白偶联受体，仅在人类卵巢的颗粒细胞和睾丸的Sertoli细胞中表达。FSH信号传导涉及腺苷酸环化酶活性的激活以及cAMP产量的增加。这激活了cAMP依赖性蛋白激酶，如PKA、PKB和PKC，进而导致特定转录因子如cAMP反应元件结合蛋白（CREB）和 Forkhead框蛋白O1（FOXO1）的磷酸化。除了激活PI3K/Akt模块外，PKA还诱导p38 mapk，进而控制其他激酶级联反应。激活的Akt还诱导mTOR轴，通过磷酸化p70 S6激酶刺激mRNA翻译，从而激活真核起始因子（eIF）4E。它还间接促进细胞外信号调节激酶（ERKs）的激活。FSH诱导对类固醇生成、生殖细胞的生长和成熟至关重要的基因。重要的靶基因包括芳香化酶（CYP19A1）、促黄体生成素受体（LHR）和血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）。请访问[http://www.netpath.org/netslim/fsh_pathway.html NetSlim]数据库以获取此途径信息。如使用此途径，请引用以下论文：Telikicherla, D.，Ambekar, A.，Palapetta, S. M.，Dwivedi, S. B.，Raju, R.，Sharma, J.，Prasad, T. S. K.，Ramachandra, Y. L.，Mohan, S. S.，Maharudraiah, J.，Mukherjee, S. 和 Pandey, A. (2011). 促卵泡激素信号传导的全面编纂资源。BMC Research Notes. 4, 408。