Genotyping and permethrin-resistance phenotyping of Anopheles gambiae M and S form mosquitoes from Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda and Guinea-Bissau

Samples were collected as larvae from Yaound?, Cameroon in July to August 2006, Dodowa, Ghana in October to November 2006, from houses in Tororo, Uganda in November 2008, and from houses in Antula, Guinea-Bissau in August to September 1993. The sampling protocol scaled the number of larvae taken to habitat size to reduce the possibility of sampling siblings. Indoor-resting adult females were collected by aspiration or by trapping in untreated bednets. All samples were confirmed morphologically as A. gambiae sensu lato. A PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) molecular diagnostic of X chromosome rDNA variation was used to determine species identity within the A. gambiae sensu lato group and A. gambiae sensu stricto molecular form (M or S). 1,826 individuals were genotyped at 1,536 loci using a microarray. 1,517 individuals from Cameroon and Ghana were also assayed for survival upon exposure to LT50 0.75% permethrin.