A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON OSTEOARTHRITIS: RISK FACTORS, HISTOPHYSIOLOGIES, AND MANAGEMENT

Joints comprise cartilage (articular cartilage), ligaments, capsules, and synovial fluid. The articular cartilage prevents friction and enables smooth movement of bones in a joint. Osteoarthritis is a common clinical condition that is represented as a increasing disease of joint. It affects not only the inner surface of the joint but also other connective tissues in the joint such as cartilage, ligaments, and bone. Thus, this disease affects the entire joint.Osteoarthritis is commonly represented by joint pain, joint stiffness, and inflammation,etc. There are many risks associated with osteoarthritis: ageing, overweight, diabetes, injury, genetic factors, etc.The superiority of osteoarthritis increases with age.It is not an inevitable consequence of ageing .According to WHO data about 528 million people globally were affected with arthritis in 2019 and about 73% of cases were more than 55 years old. Osteoarthritis can affect any joint but the most affected joint is the knee , followed by the hip joint, and hand joint. In this report, we examined many aspects of OA such asepidemiology, symptoms, risk factors, types of osteoarthritis, and treatment options. This article aims to improve the understanding of this musculoskeletal disorder and also recommends the effective management of the condition.