Reduction of spruce phytotoxicity by superheated steam torrefaction and its use in stimulating the growth of ecological bio‑products: Lemna minor L

Biochar use in agriculture offers benefits as a "carbon sink" and "carbon negative" solution, providing additional income for farms and helping combat global warming. Scandinavian models combine biochar with carbon dioxide biosequestration. Torrefied woody biomass can serve as a bulking agent, carbon carrier, or compost amendment, especially for high-water or nitrogen materials. Superheated steam torrefaction increases the pores in biochar, allowing for better mineral storage, promoting faster plant growth. Research shows biochar improves soil quality, enhances fertilization, and reduces phytotoxicity, making it a more effective and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional fertilizers. It is gaining recognition for its ability to improve soil properties and crop yields while reducing nutrient leaching and pollution.