Foreign minister Lord Palmerston’s letter to Minister of the Emperor of China (1840)

In the Lord Palmerston’s letter to Minister of the Emperor of China (1840), the British foreign minister Palmerston informed Minister of the Emperor of China Zexu Lin that the British Queen had sent a force to the Coast of China to demand from the Emperor satisfaction and redress for injuries and insults inflicted by Chinese Authorities upon British subjects. This letter has two Chinese versions. One was translated by a Russian missionary serving in the Qing court--Palmestowa (this name is transliterated from “帕勒灭斯托汪” in Chinese), and the other was translated by Chinese Secretary and Interpreter of Britain--John Robert Morrison (1814-1843).