Baltimore Ecosystem Study: Soil solution chemistry data from long-term study plots

The Baltimore Ecosystem Study (BES) has established a network of
long-term permanent biogeochemical study plots. These plots will
provide long-term data on vegetation, soil and hydrologic processes in
the key ecosystem types within the urban ecosystem. The current
network of study plots includes eight forest plots, chosen to
represent the range of forest conditions in the area, and four grass
plots. These plots are complemented by a network of 200 less intensive
study plots located across the Baltimore metropolitan area. Plots are currently instrumented with lysimeters (drainage and
tension) to sample soil solution chemistry, time domain reflectometry
probes to measure soil moisture, dataloggers to measure and record
soil temperature and trace gas flux chambers to measure the flux of
carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane from soil to the atmosphere.
Measurements of in situ nitrogen mineralization, nitrification and
denitrification were made at approximately monthly intervals from Fall
1998 - Fall 2000. Detailed vegetation characterization (all layers)
was done in summer 1998. Data from these plots has been published in Groffman et al. (2006,
2009) and Groffman and Pouyat (2009). In November of 1998 four rural, forested plots were established at
Oregon Ridge Park in Baltimore County northeast of the Gwynns Falls
Watershed. Oregon Ridge Park contains Pond Branch, the forested
reference watershed for BES. Two of these four plots are located on
the top of a slope; the other two are located midway up the slope. In June of 2010 measurements at the mid-slope sites on Pond Branch
were discontinued. Monuments and equipment remain at the two plots.
These plots were replaced with two lowland riparian plots; Oregon
upper riparian and Oregon lower riparian. Each riparian sites has four
5 cm by 1-2.5 meter depth slotted wells laid perpendicular to the
stream, four tension lysimeters at 10 cm depth, five time domain
reflectometry probes, and four trace gas flux chambers in the two
dominant microtopographic features of the riparian zones - high spots
(hummocks) and low spots (hollows). Four urban, forested plots were established in November 1998, two at
Leakin Park and two adjacent to Hillsdale Park in west Baltimore City
in the Gwynns Falls. One of the plots in Hillsdale Park was abandoned
in 2004 due to continued vandalism. In May 1999 two grass, lawn plots were established at McDonogh School
in Baltimore County west of the city in the Gwynns Falls. One of these
plots is an extremely low intensity management area (mowed once or
twice a year) and one is in a low intensity management area (frequent
mowing, no fertilizer or herbicide use). In 2009, the McDonogh plots
were abandoned due to management changes at the school. Two grass lawn plots were established on the campus of the University
of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC) in fall 2000. One of these plots
is in a medium intensity management area (frequent mowing, moderate
applications of fertilizer and herbicides) and one is in a high
intensity management area (frequent mowing, high applications of
fertilizer and herbicides). Literature Cited Bowden R, Steudler P, Melillo J and Aber J. 1990. Annual nitrous oxide
fluxes from temperate forest soils in the northeastern United States.
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 95, 13997 14005. Driscoll CT, Fuller RD and Simone DM (1988) Longitudinal variations in
trace metal concentrations in a northern forested ecosystem. J.
Environ. Qual. 17: 101-107 Goldman, M. B., P. M. Groffman, R. V. Pouyat, M. J. McDonnell, and S.
T. A. Pickett. 1995. CH4 uptake and N availability in forest soils
along an urban to rural gradient. Soil Biology and Biochemistry
27:281-286. Groffman PM, Holland E, Myrold DD, Robertson GP and Zou X (1999)
Denitrification. In: Robertson GP, Bledsoe CS, Coleman DC and Sollins
P (Eds) Standard Soil Methods for Long Term Ecological Research. (pp
272-290). Oxford University Press, New York Groffman PM, Pouyat RV, Cadenasso ML, Zipperer WC, Szlavecz K,
Yesilonis IC,. Band LE and Brush GS. 2006. Land use context and
natural soil controls on plant community composition and soil nitrogen
and carbon dynamics in urban and rural forests. Forest Ecology and
Management 236:177-192. Groffman, P.M., C.O. Williams, R.V. Pouyat, L.E. Band and I.C.
Yesilonis. 2009. Nitrate leaching and nitrous oxide flux in urban
forests and grasslands. Journal of Environmental Quality 38:1848-1860. Groffman, P.M. and R.V. Pouyat. 2009. Methane uptake in urban forests
and lawns. Environmental Science and Technology 43:5229-5235. DOI:
10.1021/es803720h. Holland EA, Boone R, Greenberg J, Groffman PM and Robertson GP (1999)
Measurement of Soil CO2, N2O and CH4 exchange. In: Robertson GP,
Bledsoe CS, Coleman DC and Sollins P (Eds) Standard Soil Methods for
Long Term Ecological Research. (pp 258-271). Oxford University Press,
New York Robertson GP, Wedin D, Groffman PM, Blair JM, Holland EA, Nadelhoffer
KJ and. Harris D. 1999. Soil carbon and nitrogen availability:
Nitrogen mineralization, nitrification and carbon turnover. In:
Standard Soil Methods for Long Term Ecological Research (Robertson GP,
Bledsoe CS, Coleman DC and Sollins P (Eds) Standard Soil Methods for
Long Term Ecological Research. (pp 258-271). Oxford University Press,
New York Savva, Y., K. Szlavecz, R. V. Pouyat, P. M. Groffman, and G. Heisler.
2010. Effects of land use and vegetation cover on soil temperature in
an urban ecosystem. Soil Science Society of America Journal
74:469-480."