Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 reverse transcription can be inhibited in vitro by oligonucleotides that target both natural and synthetic tRNA primers

Reverse transcription of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 is primed by cellular tRNA(Lys3), which is selectively packaged into viral particles where it is bound at its 3′ terminus to a complementary sequence of viral RNA termed the primer binding site (PBS). Since cellular tRNA(Lys3) is highly conserved, it might conceivably serve as a good target for novel antagonists to block reverse transcriptase (RT) activity. In this study, we have examined a number of antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs) that are complementary to different parts of the tRNA primer and, therefore, may interfere with the initiation of RT-mediated DNA synthesis. We found that the stability of complexes between synthetic tRNA(Lys3) and ODNs was significantly increased when binding occurred via sequences involved in tertiary interactions of the tRNA. In particular, ODNs with complementarity to both the variable and TΨC stem–loop of tRNA(Lys3) bound with high affinity to both free tRNA(Lys3) as well as to the binary tRNA(Lys3)/RNA complex. As a result, the initiation of DNA synthesis was severely compromised under these conditions. Moreover, RT-associated RNase H activity recognized the tRNA within this ternary tRNA(Lys3)/RNA/ODN complex as an RNA template and initiated its degradation. Both this RNase H degradation of tRNA(Lys3) as well as the altered structure of the tRNA/RNA complex, due to the binding of the ODN, contributed to the inhibition of synthesis of viral DNA. The initiation of RT activity was almost completely blocked when using ODNs that interfered with intermolecular tRNA/RNA interactions that involved both the PBS and sequences outside the PBS. Similar findings were obtained with natural preparation of tRNA(Lys3).