Evidence for non-allopatric speciation among closely related sympatric Heliotropium species in the Atacama Desert

The genetic structure of populations of closely related, sympatric species may hold the signature of the geographical mode of the speciation process. In fully allopatric speciation, it is expected that genetic differentiation between species is homogeneously distributed across the genome. In non-allopatric speciation, the genomes may remain undifferentiated to a large extent. In this paper, we analysed the genetic structure of five sympatric species from the plant genus Heliotropium in the Atacama Desert. We used Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs) to characterise the genetic structure of these species and evaluate their genetic differentiation as well as the number of loci subject to positive selection using Divergence Outlier Analysis (DOA). The five species form distinguishable groups in the genetic space, with zones of overlap, indicating that they are possibly not completely isolated. Among-species differentiation accounts for 35% of the total genetic differentiation (F...