THE ROLE OF METABOLIC SYNDROME IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS

Metabolic syndrome represents a cluster of interconnected metabolic abnormalities that collectively substantially elevate the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. This comprehensive review examines the pathophysiological mechanisms through which metabolic syndrome contributes to the development and progression of atherosclerosis. The syndrome, characterized by central obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, creates a pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic environment that accelerates endothelial dysfunction and plaque formation. Current evidence demonstrates that each component of metabolic syndrome independently contributes to vascular damage, while their combination produces synergistic deleterious effects. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome continues to increase globally, reaching approximately twenty five percent of the world adult population, creating an urgent public health challenge . This review synthesizes current understanding of the molecular pathways linking metabolic syndrome to atherosclerosis, including insulin resistance signaling disruption, adipokine imbalance, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, and chronic low-grade inflammation. Additionally, this paper examines clinical evidence from epidemiological studies and intervention trials, discusses diagnostic challenges, and explores therapeutic strategies targeting both individual components and shared underlying mechanisms. Understanding these complex interactions is essential for developing effective prevention and treatment approaches for the growing population at risk.