Replication Data for: Identity in Crisis: Elections, Financial Crisis, and Attitudes Toward Immigration in Europe

Using as-if random assignment in individual interview dates for the European Social Survey, we examine how distance to elections and Europe's economic crisis affect attitudes towards immigration. We find that during the financial crisis, proximity to elections more than doubles the probability of expressing strong anti-immigration sentiments towards immigrants from \"poor countries.\" However, this relationship reverses for immigration of coethnics, with proximity to elections being associated with more than twice as favorable attitudes. Our results lead us to believe that these changes are driven by a reversion to identity politics due to the politicization of ``out groups'' during periods of economic hardship.本研究依托欧洲社会调查（European Social Survey）中个体访谈日期的准随机分配（as-if random assignment）识别策略，考察选举距离与欧洲经济危机对民众移民态度的影响。研究结果显示，在金融危机期间，选举临近会使民众针对“贫困国家”移民表达强烈反移民情绪的概率提升一倍以上。但针对同族裔移民的情形，这一关联完全逆转：选举临近会让民众对同族裔移民的态度变得更为友善，其友善程度可达平时的两倍以上。本研究结论表明，上述变化源于经济困顿时期“外群体（out groups）”被政治化后，民众态度回归身份政治的驱动效应。