Datasets used in the study "Pacific decadal variability drives drought expansion over the Northern Hemisphere in today's climate by reshaping the subtropical troughs"

Data and Methodology for the PDO–Drought-Subtropical troughs Chao Zhang et al., 2026 Description:The datasets used in the study "Pacific decadal variability drives drought expansion over the Northern Hemisphere in today’s climate by reshaping the subtropical troughs" include both ERA5 reanalysis products and numerical model simulations. Figure 1 displays the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index, obtained from the NCAR climate data guide (available at: https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/pacific-decadal-oscillation-pdo-definition-and-indices). Figure 2 presents the moist potential vorticity (MPV) calculated from ERA5 data (http://doi.org/10.24381/cds.6860a573). The MPV is computed as follows: MPV1=−g(ζp+f)∂θse/∂p MPV2=g(∂v/∂p · ∂θse/∂x−∂u/∂p · ∂θse/∂y) MPV=MPV1+MPV2 where θse is the equivalent potential temperature derived from air temperature and humidity; g is gravity acceleration; f is the Coriolis parameter; ζp is relative vorticity; and uu and v are the zonal and meridional wind components, respectively. Reference for the MPV formulation: Wu, G., Cai, Y. & Tang, X. Moist potential vorticity and slantwise vorticity development. Acta Meteor. Sinica. 53, 387-404 (1995). Figure 3 shows spatial fields from numerical model simulations, specifically the 850‑hPa geopotential height and wind fields. Figure 4 illustrates model‑simulated precipitation and geopotential height fields.