Salivary cell-free <i>HSD17B1</i> and <i>HSPA1A</i> transcripts as potential biomarkers for estrus identification in buffaloes (<i>Bubalus bubalis</i>)
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Estrus detection is a major problem in buffaloes because of the poor expression of estrus signs leading to low reproductive efficiency. Salivary transcripts analysis is a promising tool to identify biomarkers; therefore, the present study was carried out to evaluate their potential as estrus biomarkers. The levels of <i>HSD17B1</i>, <i>INHBA</i>, <i>HSPA1A</i>, <i>TES</i> transcripts were compared in saliva during estrous cycle stages [early proestrus (day −2, EP), late proestrus (day-1, LP), estrus (E), metestrus (ME) and diestrus (DE)] of cyclic heifers (<i>n</i> = 8) and pluriparous (<i>n</i> = 8) buffaloes by employing quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The levels of <i>HSD17B1</i> (EP/DE 1.46–2.43 fold, LP/DE 2.49–3.06 fold; E/DE 7.21–11.9-fold <i>p</i> < 0.01; ME/D 1.0–1.16 fold) and <i>HSPA1A</i> (EP/DE 0.93–2.39 fold, LP/DE 2.68–3.23 fold; E/DE 8.52–15.18 fold <i>p</i> < 0.01; ME/D 0.86–1.01 fold) were significantly altered during the estrus than other estrous cycle stages in both cyclic heifers and pluriparous buffaloes. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed the ability of salivary <i>HSD17B1</i> (AUC 0.96; <i>p</i> < 0.001) and <i>HSPA1A</i> (AUC 0.99; <i>p</i> < 0.01) to differentiate E from other stages of the estrous cycle. Significantly higher levels of <i>HSD17B1</i> and <i>HSPA1A</i> transcripts in saliva during the estrus phase suggest their biomarkers potential for estrus detection in buffaloes.
