Dataset of Combining Augmented Reality Guidance, and Virtual Constraints for Skilled Epidural Needle Placement

This dataset contains the experimental recordings from a cooperative human–machine assistance system for lumbar epidural needle insertion. Three interaction modes were evaluated: freehand insertion, visual augmented reality guidance, and cooperative virtual constraints.Each dataset includes measured needle tip positions obtained from a haptic device. The epidural space depth was fixed at 25 mm and confirmed by ultrasound imaging. Depth error can be computed as the absolute difference between the measured needle tip depth and the ultrasound-confirmed depth.These data support the findings reported in the associated manuscript submitted to Machines journal.