Net effect of temperature and precipitation on species-specific colonization and extinction rates.

Net effect on the species of both climate variables is described as: increased colonization and decreased extinction is considered positive (+); decreased colonization and increased extinction is considered negative (-); and conflicting relationships is considered mixed (o). To capture the overall net effect of directional climate change on species, we only include effects of changes in average temperature and precipitation (i.e., variability and extremes not considered).