Number of Jewish deaths in the Holocaust 1933-1945 by location

Europe's Jewish population in 1939 was around 9.5 million people, and it is estimated that six million of these were ultimately killed by 1945. The persecution of German Jews escalated during the interwar period, particularly after Hitler's ascent to power in 1933, and again after Kristallnacht in 1938. However, the scale of this increased drastically following the German invasions of Poland in 1939 and the USSR in 1941, when Germany annexed regions with some of the largest Jewish populations in Europe.Extermination CampsAs part of the "Final Solution to the Jewish Question", the Nazi occupiers established six extermination camps in present-day Poland; these were Auschwitz-Birkenau, Belzec, Chelmno, Majdanek***, Sobibor, and Treblinka. Prisoners, mostly Jews, were transported from all over Europe to these camps. Upon arrival, the majority of victims were sent directly to purpose-built chambers or vans, where they were murdered with carbon monoxide or Zyklon B gas. A relatively small number of prisoners were also forced to dispose of the victims' bodies, which often included their own family members, friends, or persons known to them. Most of the deceased were incinerated, and many of the camp records were destroyed; this means that precise figures for the number of deaths in extermination camps will never be known. It has been estimated that at least 2.7 million Jews were murdered in these six camps; over two thirds of these were killed at Auschwitz or Treblinka.EinsatzgruppenAfter extermination camps, the most common method of murder was through mass shootings. The majority of these shootings were not carried out by regular soldiers, but specialized task forces known as "Einsatzgruppen". Each group was just a few hundred men each, but they were responsible for some of the largest individual acts of genocide in the war. The largest of these took place at Babi Yar, near Kyiv in 1941, where almost 35,000 victims were beaten, humiliated, and then shot over a two day period. The Einsatzgruppen were most active in the annexed Soviet territories (although additional regiments were active in Poland and the Balkans), and their ranks were often bolstered by local volunteers. It has been estimated that Einsatzgruppen were responsible for the genocide of more than two million people in fewer than six years.

1939年，欧洲犹太人口约为九百五十万，据估计，至1945年，其中六百万最终被杀害。德国犹太人的迫害在两次世界大战之间加剧，尤其是在1933年希特勒上台后，以及1938年的水晶之夜之后。然而，随着德国于1939年对波兰和1941年对苏联的侵略，这种迫害的规模急剧扩大，德国吞并了欧洲一些最大的犹太人口地区。作为“解决犹太问题最终方案”的一部分，纳粹占领者在现今的波兰建立了六个灭绝营；这些营地为奥斯维辛-比克瑙、贝尔泽克、切姆诺、马伊达内克（*）、索比堡和特雷布林卡。囚犯，主要是犹太人，从欧洲各地被运送到这些营地。到达后，大多数受害者被直接送入专门建造的房间或货车，在那里他们被一氧化碳或齐克隆B气体杀害。相对较少的囚犯被迫处理受害者遗体，这些遗体往往包括他们的家人、朋友或他们所认识的人。大多数死者被焚烧，许多营地记录被销毁；这意味着灭绝营中的死亡人数的精确数字将永远无法得知。据估计，至少有二百七十万犹太人在这六个营地中被杀害；其中三分之二以上是在奥斯维辛或特雷布林卡被杀害。突击队组在灭绝营之后，最常见的谋杀方法是大规模枪杀。这些枪杀大多不是由普通士兵执行的，而是由被称为“突击队组”的专门任务部队执行的。每个小组仅有数百人，但他们却对战争中一些最大的单一种族灭绝事件负责。其中最大的一次发生在1941年基辅附近的巴比伦，近三万五千名受害者被殴打、羞辱，然后在两天内被枪杀。突击队组在吞并的苏联领土上最为活跃（尽管在波兰和巴尔干地区也有额外的营队活跃），他们的行列常常被当地志愿者所增强。据估计，突击队组在不到六年的时间内对超过两百万人的种族灭绝负有责任。