Chemical-mineralogical features and physical properties of archaeological adobe. The evidence from Tell Zurghul/Nigin (Dhi Qar, Iraq)

Analysis of the chemical, mineralogical, hydric, and mechanical properties of earthen adobe and plasters from Tell Zurghul/Nigin (Southern Iraq), associated with archaeological buildings dated to the 5th and 3rd millennium BCE. Adobe structures are susceptible to rapid deterioration when subjected to environmental conditions and other degradation factors. A comprehensive understanding of the materials used in buildings and their inherent properties is essential for identifying optimal conservation methods for archaeological earthen structures. The study explores construction techniques within a diachronic framework, also considering the geological context and availability of local raw materials, and evaluates the characteristics of adobe, including their resistance and durability against weathering, through mineralogical and chemical analyses, and hydric and mechanical tests.