Emerging implications of bacterial biofilm in cancer biology

Recent insights have unveiled exciting opportunities to explore the intricate interplay between bacterial biofilms, tumor cells, and the immune system, offering new perspectives on cancer biology. The implications of bacterial biofilms in this context are remarkably multifaceted. Biofilms can promote tumor growth and invasiveness by inducing chronic inflammation, remodeling the extracellular matrix, and modulating the immune response, which promotes cancer development. Recent evidence has illustrated the role of specific bacteria, such as Salmonella typhi in gall bladder cancer, Helicobacter pylori in gastric cancer, and Fusobacterium nucleatum in oral cancer. These studies have revealed that these bacteria are more abundant in cancer patients compared to healthy individuals. Moreover, these bacteria form biofilms and exhibit resistance to cancer therapy. In this review, we intend to explore the recent updates, the myriad influences of various bacteria, and the potential molecular pathways by which bacterial biofilms contribute to cancer development.最新研究进展揭示了探索细菌生物膜（bacterial biofilms）、肿瘤细胞与免疫系统之间复杂相互作用的宝贵契机，为癌症生物学研究提供了全新视角。在此研究背景下，细菌生物膜的相关影响呈现出显著的多面性：生物膜可通过诱发慢性炎症、重塑细胞外基质（extracellular matrix）、调控免疫应答等途径，促进肿瘤生长与侵袭，进而推动癌症发生发展。现有最新研究证据阐明了特定细菌的致病作用，例如引发胆囊癌的伤寒沙门氏菌（Salmonella typhi）、诱发胃癌的幽门螺杆菌（Helicobacter pylori）以及与口腔癌相关的具核梭杆菌（Fusobacterium nucleatum）。此类研究均发现，与健康个体相比，癌症患者体内的这类细菌丰度显著更高。此外，这类细菌可形成生物膜，并对癌症治疗产生耐药性。本综述旨在梳理该领域的最新研究进展，探讨各类细菌的多重影响，以及细菌生物膜促进癌症发生发展的潜在分子通路。