Effectiveness of co-cultured Myristica fragrans Houtt. seed extracts with commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis and its metabolites in anti-microbial activity and biofilm formation of skin pathogenic bacteria

Skin commensal bacteria (Staphylococcus epidermidis) can help defend against skin infections, and they are increasingly being recognized for their role in benefiting skin health. This study aims to demonstrate the activities that Myristica fragrans Houtt. seed extracts, crude extract (CE) and essential oil (EO), have in terms of promoting the growth of the skin commensal bacterium S. epidermidis and providing metabolites under culture conditions to disrupt the biofilm formation of the common pathogen Staphylococcus aureus.