Summary of studies that generated castration-resistant PCa cells, by long-term treatment of LNCaP cells with casodex (CDX).

It should be noted that the assays for growth and AR activity differed between experiments, incuding pre-treatment, androgen used, and assay duration. N/D, not determined; ↑, increase; ↓ decrease; ↕, biphasic response; -, no effect.aTime during CDX treatment.bOr in comparison to parental LNCaP-104S cells for reference [50]. In our study, comparison to LNCaP or 305 cells yielded the same trends.cThis includes luciferase assays or target gene (e.g., PSA) mRNA and protein levels. In cases where there was a discrepancy between assays, luciferase assay results were given priority, followed by target gene mRNA levels and finally target gene protein levels.dParenthesised numbers below refer to the clone number (2, 11 or 12).eThese cells were derived from LNCaP-104S cells [17] rather than LNCaP cells.fCDX treatment reduces androgen-induced proliferation, but above 1 µM CDX, growth is increased in a CDX-dose-dependent fashion independently of androgens.gCDX increased nuclear localisation of AR.hThe study showed that CDX was not agonistic, but did not show it was antagonistic.