Wake Turbulence Reclassification and Separation with Induced Power Using the FAA Aircraft Characteristics Database

Purpose – The aim of this study is to reassess wake turbulence categorization (WTC) based on the calculation of induced power and to define separation minima grounded in established aircraft classifications during approach. This requires parameters such as aircraft mass, wingspan, approach speed, air density, and the Oswald factor – which itself is derived from wing aspect ratio, sweep angle, taper ratio, winglet height, and fuselage diameter. This approach is significantly more detailed than other metrics that consider only aircraft mass or a combination of mass and wingspan. --- Methodology – In a previous classification, 89 aircraft types were grouped into four categories based on their calculated induced power. With the FAA Aircraft Characteristics Database, the necessary parameters for calculating induced power are accessible for 388 aircraft. This broader dataset allows for a refined statistical analysis and comparison with other classification systems, enabling the definition of new category thresholds for the HAW_WTC based on induced power. Additionally, a first continuous separation formula was developed, derived from the structure of established separation charts by ICAO and Eurocontrol. --- Findings – Induced power can be derived not only from induced drag (as a function of lift), but also from the energy content of the vortex itself. Compared to ICAO and Eurocontrol schemes, the new wake turbulence classification offers a continuous, physics-based assessment of a specific aircraft’s vortex generation potential, independent of rigid category boundaries. This continuous assessment enables aircraft-specific separation distances based on individual parameters for both the leader and follower aircraft. --- Research Limitations – The physics behind vortex formation and the environmental factors affecting wake turbulence are complex. Aircraft responses when flying directly through the vortex core or intersecting vortices at an angle are not considered in this study. --- Practical Implications – A physics-based wake turbulence categorization may offer more reliable assessments, as it incorporates a broader range of relevant parameters compared to traditional systems. Transitioning from generalized, fixed categories to a dynamic, real-time evaluation using live aircraft parameters could improve the efficiency and safety of flight operations. --- Originality – To date, no formula has been developed that allows for a continuous categorization and separation of aircraft during approach based on induced power. This work presents a first attempt to close that gap.