COVID-19 mortality odds ratios and 95% credible intervals (CI) for all covariates, accounting for ecological and individual-level confounding bias using our proposed Bayesian hierarchical model.

Odds ratios for individual-level categorical variables can be interpreted relative to the following baseline levels: not in poverty, not graduated from high school, does not own house, age 0−39, male, and White race. For population density, Q denotes quintile with coefficients relative to Q1. Other race denotes races other than White and Black.