Performance of Propylea japonica when fed different concentrations of E-64.

Life-table parameters (± SE) of P. japonica larvae when fed rape seed pollen containing different concentrations of E-64. Number of replicates is given in parentheses. Insects were fed exclusively with pollen for the first day of each larval stage and then subsequently received pollen and soybean aphids until development into the next instar. Each E-64 treatment was compared to the control. An asterisk denotes a significant difference between an E-64 treatment and the control (Paχ2 test with Bonferroni correction (adjusted α = 0.017).bMann-Whitney U–test with Bonferroni correction (adjusted α = 0.017).cDunnett test.