Data from: Movements of four native Hawaiian birds across a naturally fragmented landscape

Animals often increase their fitness by moving across space in response to temporal variation in habitat quality and resource availability, and as a result of intra and inter-specific interactions. The long-term persistence of populations and even whole species depends on the collective patterns of individual movements, yet animal movements have been poorly studied at the landscape level. We quantified movement behavior within four native species of Hawaiian forest birds in a complex lava-fragmented landscape: Hawai‛i ‘Amakihi (Chlorodrepanis virens), ‘Oma‘o (Myadestes obscurus), ‘Apapane (Himatione sanguinea), and ‘I‘iwi (Drepanis coccinea). We evaluated the relative importance of six potential intrinsic and extrinsic drivers of movement behavior and patch fidelity: 1) forest fragment size, 2) the presence or absence of invasive rats (Rattus sp.), 3) season, 4) species, 5) age, and 6) sex. The study was conducted across a landscape of 34 forest fragments varying in size from 0.07 to 12.37 ha, of which 16 had rats removed using a treatment-control design. We found the largest movements in the nectivorous ‘Apapane and ‘I‘iwi, intermediate levels in the generalist Hawai‛i ‘Amakihi, and shortest average movement for the ‘Oma‘o, a frugivore. We found evidence for larger patch sizes increasing patch fidelity only in the ‘Oma‘o, and an effect of rat-removal increasing patch fidelity of Hawai‛i ‘Amakihi only after two years of rat-removal. Greater movement during the non-breeding season was observed in all species, and season was an important factor in explaining higher patch fidelity in the breeding season for ‘Apapane and ‘I‘iwi. Sex was important in explaining patch fidelity in ‘Oma‘o only, with males showing higher patch fidelity. Our results provide new insights into how these native Hawaiian species will respond to a changing environment, including habitat fragmentation and changing distribution of threats from climate change.动物常通过空间移动响应生境质量与资源可获得性的时间变化，并借助种内与种间相互作用实现移动，以此提升自身适合度。种群乃至整个物种的长期存续，依赖于个体移动的集体模式，但目前学界在景观尺度上对动物移动的研究仍较为匮乏。我们在一片由熔岩活动塑造的复杂破碎化景观中，对4种夏威夷本土森林鸟类的移动行为进行了量化分析，分别为夏威夷‘阿马基旋蜜雀（Chlorodrepanis virens，Hawaiʻi ‘Amakihi）、‘奥马‘奥鸫（Myadestes obscurus，‘Oma‘o）、‘阿帕帕内蜜雀（Himatione sanguinea，‘Apapane）以及‘伊‘伊威蜜雀（Drepanis coccinea，‘I‘iwi）。我们评估了影响移动行为与斑块忠实性（patch fidelity）的6种潜在内在与外在驱动因子的相对重要性，具体包括：1）森林片段面积；2）入侵鼠类（Rattus sp.）的存在与否；3）季节；4）物种属性；5）年龄；6）性别。本研究覆盖34处森林片段，面积介于0.07至12.37公顷之间，其中16处片段通过对照处理设计开展了鼠类清除工作。研究结果显示，食蜜性的‘阿帕帕内蜜雀与‘伊‘伊威蜜雀的移动距离最长，广食性的夏威夷‘阿马基旋蜜雀移动距离处于中等水平，而作为食果动物的‘奥马‘奥鸫的平均移动距离最短。我们发现，仅在‘奥马‘奥鸫中，更大的森林片段面积会提升其斑块忠实性；而鼠类清除仅在实施两年后，才会提升夏威夷‘阿马基旋蜜雀的斑块忠实性。所有物种均表现出非繁殖季移动距离更长的特征；同时季节是解释‘阿帕帕内蜜雀与‘伊‘伊威蜜雀在繁殖季斑块忠实性更高的关键因子。仅在‘奥马‘奥鸫中，性别是影响其斑块忠实性的重要因素，雄性个体的斑块忠实性显著更高。本研究结果为理解这些夏威夷本土鸟类如何响应环境变化（包括生境破碎化以及气候变化引发的威胁分布改变）提供了全新的科学视角。