Genomic evidence establishes Anatolia as the source of the European Neolithic gene pool

Anatolia and the Near East have long been recognized as the epicenter of the Neolithic expansion through archaeological evidence. Recent archaeogenetic studies on Neolithic European human remains have shown that the Neolithic expansion in Europe was driven west and northwards by migration from a supposed Near Eastern origin. However, this expansion and the establishment of numerous culture complexes in the Aegean and Balkans did not occur until 8500 BP, over 2,000 years after the initial settlements in the Neolithic core area. We present ancient genome-wide sequence data from 6,700 year-old human remains excavated from a Neolithic context in Kumtepe, located in north-western Anatolia near the well-known (and younger) site Troy. Kumtepe is one of the settlements that emerged around 7,000 BP, after the initial expansion wave brought Neolithic practices to Europe. We show that this individual displays genetic similarities to the early European Neolithic gene pool and modern-day Sardinians as well as a genetic affinity to modern-day populations from the Near East and the Caucasus. Furthermore, modern-day Anatolians carry signatures of several admixture events from different populations that have diluted this early Neolithic farmer component, explaining why modern-day Sardinian populations, instead of modern-day Anatolian populations, are genetically more similar to the people that drove the Neolithic expansion into Europe. Anatolia´s central geographic location appears to have served as a connecting point allowing a complex contact network with other areas of the Near East and Europe throughout, and after, the Neolithic.