Regions showing abnormal causal effect with epileptogenic zone in patients (whole-brain-to-seed).

Abbreviation: BA = Brodmann's area; R = right side; L = left side; Sup. = superior; Mid. = middle; Inf. = inferior; mTLE = mesial temporal lobe epilepsy; NC = normal controls; MNI = Montreal Neurological Institute coordinates. The last two columns show the t-value of the corresponding peak voxel within patient and control group, respectively. Values with an asterisk show the mean causal effect of the corresponding cluster is significantly different from zero.