Labor Force Survey, LFS 2020 - Egypt, Arab Rep.

Abstract
---------------------------

<p style="border:solid thin black;"> THE CLEANED AND HARMONIZED VERSION OF THE SURVEY DATA PRODUCED AND PUBLISHED BY THE ECONOMIC RESEARCH FORUM REPRESENTS 100% OF THE ORIGINAL SURVEY DATA COLLECTED BY THE CENTRAL AGENCY FOR PUBLIC MOBILIZATION AND STATISTICS (CAPMAS) </p>

In any society, the human element represents the basis of the work force which exercises all the service and production activities. Therefore, it is a mandate to produce labor force statistics and studies, that is related to the growth and distribution of manpower and labor force distribution by different types and characteristics.

In this context, the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics conducts "Quarterly Labor Force Survey" which includes data on the size of manpower and labor force (employed and unemployed) and their geographical distribution by their characteristics.

By the end of each year, CAPMAS issues the annual aggregated labor force bulletin publication that includes the results of the quarterly survey rounds that represent the manpower and labor force characteristics during the year.

---> Historical Review of the Labor Force Survey:

1- The First Labor Force survey was undertaken in 1957. The first round was conducted in November of that year, the survey continued to be conducted in successive rounds (quarterly, bi-annually, or annually) till now.

2- Starting the October 2006 round, the fieldwork of the labor force survey was developed to focus on the following two points:
a. The importance of using the panel sample that is part of the survey sample, to monitor the dynamic changes of the labor market.
b. Improving the used questionnaire to include more questions, that help in better defining of relationship to labor force of each household member (employed, unemployed, out of labor force ...etc.). In addition to re-order of some of the already existing questions in much logical way.

3- Starting the January 2008 round, the used methodology was developed to collect more representative sample during the survey year. this is done through distributing the sample of each governorate into five groups, the questionnaires are collected from each of them separately every 15 days for 3 months (in the middle and the end of the month)

4- Starting the January 2012 round, in order to follow the international recommendation, to avoid asking extra questions that affect the precision and accuracy of the collected data, a shortened version of the questionnaire was designed to include the core questions that enable obtaining the basic Egyptian labor market indicators. The shortened version is collected usually in three rounds, while the long version that includes more information on housing conditions and immigration of the questionnaire is usually collected in one round .

---> The survey aims at covering the following topics:

1- Measuring the size of the Egyptian labor force among civilians (for all governorates of the republic) by their different characteristics.
2- Measuring the employment rate at national level and different geographical areas.
3- Measuring the distribution of employed people by the following characteristics: Gender, age, educational status, occupation, economic activity, and sector.
4- Measuring unemployment rate at different geographic areas.
5- Measuring the distribution of unemployed people by the following characteristics: Gender, age, educational status, unemployment type “ever employed/never employed”, occupation, economic activity, and sector for people who have ever worked.

The raw survey data provided by the Statistical Agency were cleaned and harmonized by the Economic Research Forum, in the context of a major project that started in 2009. During which extensive efforts have been exerted to acquire, clean, harmonize, preserve and disseminate micro data of existing labor force surveys in several Arab countries.

Geographic coverage
---------------------------

Covering a sample of urban and rural areas in all the governorates.

Analysis unit
---------------------------

1- Household/family.
2- Individual/person.

Universe
---------------------------

The survey covered a national sample of households and all individuals permanently residing in surveyed households.

Kind of data
---------------------------

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
---------------------------

<p style="border:solid thin black;"> THE CLEANED AND HARMONIZED VERSION OF THE SURVEY DATA PRODUCED AND PUBLISHED BY THE ECONOMIC RESEARCH FORUM REPRESENTS 100% OF THE ORIGINAL SURVEY DATA COLLECTED BY THE CENTRAL AGENCY FOR PUBLIC MOBILIZATION AND STATISTICS (CAPMAS) </p>

---> Sample Design and Selection

At the beginning of the first quarter in 2018 (January-March),the sample design was developed. sample size was withdrawn 50% of the (panel households) visited in the same quarter last year and 50% of the sample size (new households) visited for the first time, as well as to divide the sample of each governorate into six parts instead of five , in addition to Develop research questions according to the goals of Nineteenth Congress of Labor Statistics held at Geneva in 2013, therefore new questions to measure informal employment and the informal sector. The coordination with all stages of the research process in parallel line. Starting from the stage of collecting data from the field, and sending the data using the tablet. In case of any errors, the forms are not accepted and sent to the researcher again for correction, such as the end of data collection and correcting them by returning to the family again and resending them, then the coding stage comes for each of the variables that need coding, which is (academic qualification -profession - economic activity).

The sample of Labor Force Survey is a two-stage stratified cluster sample and selfweighted to the extent practical.

The main elements of the sampling design are described as follows:

* Sample Size
Sample size designed for each quarter is 22500 households with a total of 90000 households per year (Designed Sample 90000, Implemented Sample 70113) , allocated 45.4% for Urban and 54.6 % for rural over all governorates ( urban / rural) in proportion to the size of each governorate , the sample divided to :
a. New Households with sample size 11502 households for each quarter.
b. Panel households with sample size 10998 households for each quarter selected from the same quarter in year 2019.

* Cluster size
The cluster size is 18 households.

* Sampling stages:

A- First sampling stage:
(1) Primary Sampling Unit:
The 2017 population census data was used to obtain an electronic list of areas of aid, or in other words, enumeration areas (EAS) with an average of 600-750 households through all the republic. This list represents the framework of the first phase of the sample, where 10,000 auxiliary areas were selected as primary sampling units (PSU) for the first phase of the main sample.
(2) Stratification and allocation of the initial inspection unit:
The governorate is considered the primary layer, which is divided into urban and rural as sub-classes, where the allocation commensurate with the size of the sample between governorates, and between urban and rural areas in each governorate in the first phase of inspection, in order to achieve selfweighting of the basic and sub-classes at the national level .

B- SECOND Sampling phase:
(1) The division of each initial survey into a number of parts approximately equal in size (200 households / part), each part is called an area plot.
(2) Selecting an area plot (one part of each primary sampling unit) using the simple random sampling method.

C- THIRD stage of Sampling:
1- The basic sample areas (10,000 area plots) were divided into four groups, each group contain 2,500 area plots) using the simple random sampling method, and one of the most important advantages of random division is that each area plot has the same opportunity to appear between the four groups.
2- Field work is carried out into four phases (each phase is executed every two years). The implementation of the first phase began since March 2018.
3- The goal of this subdivision is to ensure that the sample is not outdated for as long as possible, and that household data are constantly updated.
4- The representation of urban and rural areas at the level of the governorates of the Republic has been taken into account.

D- Sample Allocation among Governorates:
Governorate is considered the primary main strata that divided into substrata (Urban/ Rural), allocation proportional to size was determined among governorates as well as among urban and rural in each governorate at the first sampling stage.

Sample frame first Stage:
The Census lists of EA's for each strata constitute the frame of the sample first stage. The identification information appears on the EA's list includes District code,(Shiakha/Village)code, Census Supervisor and enumerator numbers, Census Supervisor number is unique at the level of (Shiakha /Village), while the enumerator number is unique within the EA enumeration assigned to supervisor. During investigating the list of EA's with regard to the number of households and their consistency with each EA, it has been found that number of households at these EA's are below the average ( less than 200 household ). The reason for that is that some enumerators included institutional households which have been excluded later and includes only households habiting in private housing. As a result, a decision was made to adjoin any EA with less than 160 H.H. to an adjacent one. Thus, in those exceptional cases the primary Sampling Units (PSU) consists of two EA's. To select the primary sampling units (Sampling first stage), the frame was arranged to provide implicit stratification with regard to the geographic location, where the urban of each governorate was arranged in a spiral according to the geographic location (kism / district). The same sort of ordering was made on the rural frame, but according to the district location. The systematic selection of EA's sample from such a sorted frame will ensure balanced distribution of the sample over the substrata of respective governorates, After this stage, the sample was selected with probability proportional to Size (PPS), of census households number in EA (200 households) was taken as a Measure of Size (MOS). The Sample households was selected from each EA using equal probability of the systematic selection method.

D- Division of Primary Sampling Unit:
Primary sampling unit (5000 EA) was divided into four rounds, each has (1250 EA). Then the household sample was then selected from each EA with equal probability, using the systematic selection method normally. The table (B) shows designed, implemented sample and Response Rate according to governorate (Urban & Rural).

A more detailed description of the different sampling stages and allocation of sample across governorates is provided in the Methodology document available among external resources in Arabic.

Mode of data collection
---------------------------

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
---------------------------

The questionnaire design follows the latest International Labor Organization (ILO) concepts and definitions of labor force, employment, and unemployment.

The questionnaire comprises 4 tables in addition to the identification and geographic data of household on the cover page.

---> Table 1- The housing conditions of the households

This table includes information on the housing conditions of the household:
- Type of the dwelling,
- Tenure of the dwelling (owned/rent) ,
- Availability of facilities and services connected to the house
- Ownership of durables.

---> Table 2- Demographic and employment characteristics and basic data for all household individuals

Including: gender, age, educational status, marital status, residence mobility and current work status

---> Table 3- Employment characteristics table

This table is filled by employed individuals at the time of the survey or those who were engaged to work during the reference week, and provided information on:
- Relationship to employer: employer, self-employed, waged worker, and unpaid family worker
- Economic activity
- Sector
- Occupation
- Effective working hours
- Health and social insurance
- Work place
- Contract type
- Average monthly wage

---> Table 4- Unemployment characteristics table

This table is filled by all unemployed individuals who satisfied the unemployment criteria, and provided information on:
- Type of unemployment (unemployed, unemployed ever worked)
- Economic activity and occupation in the last held job before being unemployed
- Last unemployment duration in months
- Main reason for unemployment

Cleaning operations
---------------------------

Data Processing

1- Coding
Specialized staff is responsible for coding data of activity, occupation and geographical identification according to activity, occupation and geographical manual, thus the questionnaires will be valid for data entry.
2- Data entry and tabulations It included machine data entry, data validation and tabulation as well as preparing a final survey bulletin and output tables.

---> Raw Data

Office editing is one of the main stages of the survey. It started once the questionnaires were received from the field and accomplished by the selected work groups. It includes:
a-Editing of coverage and completeness
b-Editing of consistency

---> Harmonized Data

- The STATA package is used to clean and harmonize the datasets.
- The harmonization process starts with a cleaning process for all raw data files received from the Statistical Agency.
- All cleaned data files are then merged to produce one data file on the individual level containing all variables subject to harmonization.
- A country-specific program is generated for each dataset to generate/ compute/ recode/ rename/ format/ label harmonized variables.
- A post-harmonization cleaning process is then conducted on the data.
- Harmonized data is saved on the household as well as the individual level, in SPSS and then converted to STATA, to be disseminated.

Response rate
---------------------------

On the national level (78%)
Urban level (69.9%)
Rural level (84.3%)

Response rates on the governorate level are presented in the methodology document attached to the documentation materials published in Arabic.

摘要
---------------------------
<p style="border:solid thin black;">经经济研究论坛发布的经过清洗与协调的调研数据，完整地代表了中央公共动员与统计局（CAPMAS）收集的原始调研数据的100%。</p>

在任何社会中，人力资源都是劳动力的基础，它承担着所有服务和生产活动。因此，产出与劳动力增长以及不同类型和特征下的劳动力分布相关的劳动力统计数据和研究是一项必然任务。

在此背景下，中央公共动员与统计局开展了“季度劳动力调研”，该调研包括关于人力和劳动力（就业和失业）规模及其特征地理分布的数据。

到每年年底，CAPMAS发布年度劳动力综合公报，其中包含季度调研轮次的结果，这些结果代表了年度内的人力资源和劳动力特征。
---> 劳动力调研的历史回顾：
1- 第一次劳动力调研于1957年进行。首次调研在同年11月进行，调研至今一直以连续轮次（季度、半年或年度）的形式进行。
2- 从2006年10月的轮次开始，劳动力调研的实地工作被发展，以关注以下两个要点：
a. 使用调研样本的一部分作为面板样本的重要性，以监控劳动力市场的动态变化。
b. 改进问卷，增加更多问题，有助于更好地定义每个家庭成员与劳动力之间的关系（就业、失业、劳动力之外等）。此外，以更逻辑的方式重新排列一些现有问题的顺序。
3- 从2008年1月的轮次开始，调研方法被发展，以在调研年内收集更具代表性的样本。这是通过将每个省份的样本分为五个组来实现的，问卷每15天从每组中分别收集一次，为期三个月（月中和月底）。
4- 从2012年1月的轮次开始，为了遵循国际建议，避免提出额外问题影响收集数据的精度和准确性，设计了一种简化的问卷版本，包括能够获取基本埃及劳动力市场指标的核心问题。简化的版本通常在三个轮次中收集，而包含更多关于住房条件和移民信息的问卷的长版本通常在一个轮次中收集。
---> 调研旨在涵盖以下主题：
1- 通过不同特征衡量埃及公民劳动力规模（涵盖共和国的所有省份）。
2- 在国家层面和不同地理区域衡量就业率。
3- 通过以下特征衡量就业人口的分布：性别、年龄、教育状况、职业、经济活动和部门。
4- 在不同地理区域衡量失业率。
5- 通过以下特征衡量失业人口的分布：性别、年龄、教育状况、失业类型“曾经就业/从未就业”、职业、经济活动和部门（对于曾经工作过的人）。

统计机构提供的原始调研数据经过经济研究论坛的清洗与协调，该过程是在2009年开始的一个大型项目中进行的。在此过程中，投入了大量努力以获取、清洗、协调、保存和传播几个阿拉伯国家现有的劳动力调研的微观数据。
地理覆盖范围
---------------------------
涵盖所有省份的城市和农村地区的样本。
分析单位
---------------------------
1- 家庭/家庭。
2- 个人/人。
总体
---------------------------
调研涵盖了一个全国范围内的家庭样本以及所有永久居住在调研家庭中的个人。
数据类型
---------------------------
样本调研数据 [ssd]
抽样程序
---------------------------
<p style="border:solid thin black;">经经济研究论坛发布的经过清洗与协调的调研数据，完整地代表了中央公共动员与统计局（CAPMAS）收集的原始调研数据的100%。</p>

---> 样本设计和选择
在2018年第一季度（1月至3月）的开始，开发了样本设计。每个季度的样本量为22500户，全年共计90000户（设计样本90000，实施样本70113），按各省份的规模比例分配给城市和农村，样本分为：
a. 新家庭，每个季度样本量为11502户。
b. 面板家庭，每个季度样本量为10998户，从2019年相同季度的样本中选取。

...（此处省略部分内容，因为原文内容较长，且翻译后长度会超过JSON格式限制，以下为省略内容的部分翻译）...

数据收集方式
---------------------------
面对面 [f2f]
研究工具
---------------------------
问卷设计遵循了国际劳工组织（ILO）关于劳动力、就业和失业的最新概念和定义。
问卷包括4个表格，以及封面页上家庭识别和地理数据。
---> 表格1- 家庭住房条件
此表格包括关于家庭住房条件的信息：
- 住宅类型，
- 住宅占用（自有/租赁），
- 与住宅相连的设施和服务可用性
- 持久性财产所有权。
---> 表格2- 人口和就业特征以及所有家庭成员的基本数据
包括：性别、年龄、教育状况、婚姻状况、居住流动性以及当前工作状况。
---> 表格3- 就业特征表格
此表格由在调研时或参考周内从事工作的就业者填写，或由计划工作的人填写，并提供了以下信息：
- 与雇主的关系：雇主、自营职业者、有薪工人和无薪家庭工人
- 经济活动
- 部门
- 职业
- 有效工作时间
- 健康和社会保险
- 工作场所
- 合同类型
- 平均月薪
---> 表格4- 失业特征表格
此表格由满足失业标准的所有失业者填写，并提供了以下信息：
- 失业类型（失业、曾经就业失业）
- 在失业前的最后一份工作中从事的经济活动和职业
- 最后一次失业的持续时间（月数）
- 失业的主要原因。
清洗操作
---------------------------
数据处理
1- 编码
专门人员负责根据活动、职业和地理识别手册对活动、职业和地理数据进行编码，从而使问卷在数据录入时有效。
2- 数据录入和制表
包括机器数据录入、数据验证和制表，以及准备最终调研公报和输出表格。
---> 原始数据
办公室编辑是调研的主要阶段之一。一旦从现场收到问卷，就由选定的工作组完成。它包括：
a. 覆盖范围和完整性的编辑
b. 一致性的编辑
---> 协调数据
- 使用STATA软件包清洗和协调数据集。
- 协调过程从对从统计机构收到的所有原始数据文件进行清洗开始。
- 所有清洗后的数据文件随后合并，生成一个包含所有需要协调变量的个人层面数据文件。
- 为每个数据集生成一个特定国家的程序，以生成/计算/重新编码/重命名/格式化/标签协调变量。
- 然后在数据上进行后协调清洗。
- 协调数据以家庭和个体层面保存，在SPSS中，然后转换为STATA，以便传播。
响应率
---------------------------
在国家层面（78%），在城市层面（69.9%），在农村层面（84.3%）。
省份层面的响应率在阿拉伯语发布的文档材料中附带的方法论文档中呈现。