Insights into the mapping of green synthesis conditions for ZnO nanoparticles and their toxicokinetics - Supplementary appendix

Research on ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) has broad medical applications. However, the green synthesis of ZnO
NPs involves a wide range of properties requiring optimization. ZnO NPs show toxicity at lower doses. This
toxicity is a function of NP properties and pharmacokinetics. Moreover, NP toxicity and pharmacokinetics
are affected by the species type and age of the animals tested. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic
(PBPK) modeling offers a mechanistic platform to scrutinize the colligative effect of the interplay between
these factors, which reduces the need for in vivo studies. This review provides a guide to choosing green
synthesis conditions that result in minimal toxicity using a mechanistic tool, namely PBPK modeling.