City lizards are more social

Cities are expanding globally, exposing animals to novel ecological conditions that can alter the frequency and nature of their social interactions. Urban habitat features, such as built infrastructure and patchy resource distributions, can constrain movement and promote aggregation, potentially increasing encounters among conspecifics and introducing unique social challenges. Understanding how urbanization affects social behaviour is crucial. However, these effects remain poorly understood, and studies on solitary or non-gregarious species are particularly scarce. Here, we investigate how urbanization influences social behaviour in the Common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis), a territorial species and successful urban dweller. We constructed social networks from proximity-based association data from urban and non-urban lizard populations. Urban lizards had more social connections, stronger associations, and were observed in more associations overall. These differences were not explained ..., , # Data Description: City lizards are more social

**Authors:** Avery L. Maune, Tobias Wittenbreder, Duje Lisičić, Barbara A. Caspers, Ettore Camerlenghi, Isabel Damas-Moreira

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A total of 13 data files were used to construct and analyze social networks, including:

`P1_GBI.csv` - `P6_GBI.csv`: Group-by-individual matrices

`P1_attributes.csv` - `P6_attributes.csv`: Attribute metadata

`sna_data.csv`: Combined dataset including calculated social metrics

Only individuals observed ≥3 times (N = 69) are included in these files.

Additional files included:

`associations_data.csv`: Contains data for all marked individuals (N = 94), used to analyze observation and association counts.

`population_density.csv`: Lizard count data from line transect surveys conducted over 10 days across all size transects, used to estimate population density.

`script_Maune_etal_SNA.R`: Full R script used for social network construction and statistical analysis

## Data files

### 1. Group-by-individual mat...,