Multi-omics and machine learning identify FN1 and ALDH2 as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in early and late diabetic kidney disease

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease worldwide, demands deeper molecular characterization to improve clinical management. This study employed an integrated multi-omics approach to identify stage-specific biomarkers and molecular mechanisms distinguishing early- and late-stage DKD. Initial bulk RNA-seq analysis (thresholds: |logFC|>0.585, FDR p