Nutritional constraints on brain evolution: sodium and nitrogen limit brain size

Nutrition has been hypothesized as an important constraint on brain evolution. However, it is unclear whether the availability of specific nutrients or the difficulty of locating high quality diets limits brain evolution, especially over long periods of time. We show that dietary nutrient content predicted brain size across 42 species of butterflies. Brain size, relative to body size, was associated with the sodium and nitrogen content of a species’ diet. There was no evidence that host plant apparency (measured by plant height) was related to brain evolution. The timing of diet shifts varied from 3.5 to 90 million years ago, but nutritional constraints did not lessen over time as species adapted to a diet. While nutrition was linked to overall brain volume, there was no evidence that nutrition was related to the relative size of individual brain regions. Lab rearing experiments confirmed the underlying assumption of most comparative studies that the majority of interspecific trait vari...