Key innovations and the diversification of Hymenoptera

The order Hymenoptera (wasps, ants, sawflies, and bees) represents one of the most diverse animal lineages, but whether specific key innovations have contributed to its diversification is still unknown. We assembled the largest time-calibrated phylogeny of Hymenoptera to date and investigated the origin and possible correlation of particular morphological and behavioral innovations with diversification in the order: the wasp waist of Apocrita; the stinger of Aculeata; parasitoidism, a specialized form of carnivory; and secondary phytophagy, a reversal to plant-feeding. Here, we show that parasitoidism has been the dominant strategy since the Late Triassic in Hymenoptera but was not an immediate driver of diversification. Instead, transitions to secondary phytophagy (from parasitoidism) had a major influence on diversification rate in Hymenoptera. Support for the stinger and the wasp waist as key innovations remains equivocal, but these traits may have laid the anatomical and behavioral ..., ,膜翅目（Hymenoptera，包含胡蜂、蚂蚁、叶蜂和蜜蜂）是物种多样性最为丰富的动物类群之一，但目前学界仍未明确是否存在特定关键创新性状推动了该类群的演化多样化。我们构建了迄今规模最大的膜翅目时间校准系统发育树，并探究了该目昆虫特定形态与行为创新性状的起源，及其与物种多样化的潜在关联：细腰亚目（Apocrita）的蜂腰结构、针尾部（Aculeata）的螫刺、拟寄生（parasitoidism，一种特化的肉食性策略），以及由寄生习性逆转而来的次生性植食性（secondary phytophagy）。本研究结果显示，自三叠纪晚期以来，拟寄生便一直是膜翅目昆虫的主导生存策略，但并未直接推动其物种多样化。相反，从拟寄生向次生性植食性的演化转变，对膜翅目的物种多样化速率产生了显著影响。目前关于螫刺与蜂腰结构作为关键创新性状的支持证据仍不明确，但这些性状或许已经为膜翅目奠定了解剖学与行为学上的……, ,