A spatially resolved human glioblastoma atlas reveals distinct cellular and molecular patterns of anatomical niches

We present a multi-modal, spatially resolved atlas of human GBM by integrating spatial transcriptomics from both fresh frozen and FFPE tissue, matched single cell transcriptomic and proteomic data, and subcellular resolution in situ profiling. Using a custom 348 gene panel enriched for vascular markers, we map previously unrecognized GBM-associated endothelial, pericyte, and fibroblast states, and uncover their niche-specific associations with malignant and immune compartments.