Suffering in receivers: negative effects of noise persist regardless of experience in female anurans

1. Anthropogenic noise is widespread, and growing evidence suggests that it can negatively affect animals through many different mechanisms including masking of cues and signals, distraction, and aversion to noise. 2. Acoustic masking has received the most attention from researchers and recent evidence suggests that masking effects can be mitigated by alteration of signal frequencies or amplitudes by signalers. Additionally, alteration can be a learned response via prior experience with noise exposure. However, it remains unclear whether distraction or aversive effects due to noise can be mitigated by prior experience with noise, especially among signal receivers. 3. Here, we addressed this gap by separating mechanisms of noise disturbances on female phonotaxis towards male advertisement calls in anurans. To do this, we experimentally examined phonotaxis of gravid females that differ in their prior experience with noise under three acoustic manipulations: spectrally overlapping and non-...1. 人为噪声（anthropogenic noise）分布广泛，日益增多的研究证据表明，其可通过多种不同机制对动物产生负面影响，包括线索与信号掩蔽、注意力干扰以及对噪声的厌恶反应。2. 声学掩蔽（acoustic masking）是目前受到研究者关注最多的噪声影响机制，近期研究显示，信号发出者可通过调整自身信号的频率或振幅来缓解掩蔽效应。此外，这种调整行为可通过噪声暴露的既往经历形成习得性响应。然而，目前尚不明确噪声引发的分心或厌恶效应是否可通过噪声暴露的既往经历得到缓解，尤其是在信号接收者群体中。3. 本研究旨在填补这一研究空白，以无尾两栖类（anurans）为研究对象，解析噪声干扰对雌性趋声行为（phonotaxis）——即朝向雄性求偶鸣叫（male advertisement calls）定向运动的行为——的不同作用机制。为此，我们通过实验检测了在三种声学操控处理条件下，具有不同噪声暴露既往经历的怀卵雌性（gravid females）个体的趋声行为：频谱重叠与非（spectrally overlapping and non-）……