Supplementary information files for "Simplified Tai Chi exercises to improve function in people with chronic ankle instability"

Supplementary information files for "Simplified Tai Chi exercises to improve function in people with chronic ankle instability"ObjectivesTo identify 12 forms from the traditional 108-form Tai Chi with the highest muscle activation values in the peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, and tibialis anterior and to design a Tai Chi training routine suitable for individuals with chronic ankle instability.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingSports Biomechanics Laboratory.ParticipantsEight Tai Chi instructors were recruited, with data from six used for analysis.Main outcome measuresThe independent variable was the Tai Chi forms, while the dependent variable was the muscle activation measured using electromyography. The Vicon motion capture system recorded kinematic changes for form segmentation. Electromyography values from different segments were normalised to the maximum voluntary isometric contraction ratio for comparison.ResultsIn the 12 Tai Chi forms, peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, and tibialis anterior exhibited muscle activation exceeding 55%, 55%, and 30% of maximum voluntary isometric contraction in integrated electromyography, respectively, with root mean square reaching 116.9%, 111.7%, and 60.3%. Adding transition stages expanded these into a 16-form routine, with no significant side differences.ConclusionsThe 16-form Tai Chi has the potential to enhance ankle stability by selectively training the muscles that counter ankle inversion. Randomised controlled trials are needed to assess its effectiveness in chronic ankle instability.©The Author(s), CC BY 4.0