DENTAL ENAMEL EROSION: MODERN ASPECTS OF ETIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS, AND PREVENTION

Dental enamel erosion is one of the most common non-carious dental diseases characterized by the irreversible loss of mineralized tooth hard tissues in the absence of bacterial involvement. In recent years, the increasing consumption of acidic foods and beverages, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), eating disorders, and changes in lifestyle have contributed to a significant rise in the prevalence of this condition. According to recent meta-analyses, the global prevalence of tooth wear is approximately 40.8%, while erosive tooth wear affects 20–40% of children and adolescents and up to 30–50% of adults. This review analyzes current scientific evidence regarding the etiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, and preventive approaches to dental enamel erosion. The effects of endogenous and exogenous acidic factors on enamel demineralization, the protective role of saliva, and impairment of the remineralization process are discussed as the principal pathogenetic mechanisms underlying disease development. In addition, the clinical significance of early diagnosis, individual risk assessment, and preventive strategies based on fluoride preparations, calcium-phosphate compounds, and dietary modification is highlighted. The available evidence suggests that a comprehensive preventive approach, risk-based patient stratification, and regular dental monitoring play a crucial role in reducing the incidence and progression of dental enamel erosion.