Integrating threat mapping and animal movement data to identify high-risk areas for endangered mobile species

In this study, we introduced a framework for quantifying the exposure to poisoning risk and illustrated an example of an endangered African vulture species, the Lappet-faced Vulture (<i>Torgos tracheliotos</i>). We combined GPS tracking data of 19 individuals collected between 2012 and 2022 with food availability and spatial threat maps of both intentional (poachers directly targeting vultures) and unintentional (farmers aiming to kill carnivores, with vultures being secondarily affected) poisoning across Southern Africa.